Which concept is associated with the modification of a learning environment toward independence?

The modification of a learning environment toward independence is best associated with the concept of independence. This approach emphasizes self-directed learning, where students are encouraged to take control of their own educational experiences. In an independent learning environment, students are provided with the tools and opportunities to explore, inquire, and develop their own understanding, rather than relying solely on direct instruction from a teacher.

Independence in a learning context often involves strategies such as allowing students to choose their own topics for research, engaging in project-based learning, or utilizing technology to facilitate their own learning paths. This fosters critical thinking and problem-solving skills, as well as the ability to manage their own learning process, which are crucial for their development as learners.

In contrast, dependence refers to a reliance on others for guidance and support, which counters the goal of fostering independence. Complexity might describe the sophistication of concepts being taught but does not inherently relate to the independence of the learner. A teacher-centered approach places the teacher in control of the learning process, which may limit students' opportunities to become independent learners.